Elderberry

At a Glance

Common name

Elderberry

Scientific name

Sambucus nigra

Family

Adoxaceae

Region

Europe

Plant part

Ripe berries (cooked), Flowers

Caffeine

Caffeine Free

Evidence

Limited

Safety review

Safety information on file

Botanical Description

A large shrub or small tree 4–10 m tall with pinnate leaves, flat clusters of small cream-white flowers, and drooping bunches of small dark purple-black berries. Only the ripe, cooked berries and flowers are used; raw berries and other parts can cause nausea.

Also known as: European Elder, Black Elder

Historical Background

Elder has been a 'medicine chest' of European folk medicine for centuries, used for colds, fevers, and as a dyestuff. Hippocrates referred to the elder as his 'medicine chest,' and it was considered sacred in many European traditions. Elderberry syrup and flower tea remain staples of winter wellness.

Earliest recorded uses: Pliny and Dioscorides recorded elder's uses; widespread in European folk medicine for fevers and colds.

Cultural significance: In European folklore the elder was home to protective spirits — it was bad luck to cut one down. The flowers made elderflower champagne and fritters; the berries dyed cloth and were a winter food preserve.

Traditional Uses

These uses document historical traditions and do not imply proven effectiveness.

Flavor & Aroma

Aroma: Sweet, floral, berry-like

Tea Preparation

Modern Evidence

Elderberry has been studied for symptoms of the common cold and influenza. Some small trials suggest that elderberry extract started within the first day or two of symptoms may modestly shorten their duration, but evidence is limited and studies vary in quality. It is not a cure for colds or flu, and raw or underripe berries are unsafe. Most claims about elderberry and immunity are based on small studies rather than robust clinical evidence.

Evidence levels describe the state of research for the traditional use discussed here, not a recommendation. Historical use does not imply effectiveness.